I don't know about matrices, but this just looks like a simultaneous equation.
There might be a better way of solving this, but I'd do it like this:
Rearrange equation 3: B = 29 - 3A - 2C
Substitute into equation 2:
5A + 2(29 - 3A - 2C) - 4C = 37
A + 8C = 21
A = 21 - 8C
Substitute into equation 1:
5(21 - 8C) + 3(29 - 3(21 - 8C) - 2C) - 2C = 51
105 - 40C + 87 - 189 + 72C - 6C - 2C = 51
24C = 48
C = 2
Use C to find A:
A = 21 - 8*2 = 5
Use A and C to find B:
B = 29 - 3*5 - 2*2 = 10
So, A = 5, B = 10, C = 2.
As I said, there's probably an shorter way that I don't know about.